01x02 - Masterminds

[bunniefuu]

[water trickling]

[narrator] Beneath the waves,

lives a mysterious creature,

older than the dinosaurs.

Octopus!

So incredibly alien.

Changing color in an instant.

Shapeshifting into almost anything.

They are the planet's
true masters of disguise.

Now we're discovering,

they are one of the
most intelligent beings

on the planet.

Two years immersed in their world,

reveals they use tools.

I felt completely shocked at
the level of sophistication

that I was witnessing.

[narrator] Think creatively.

Communicate with other species.

And maybe even dream.

I wonder sometimes if the
octopuses are dreaming about me,

wondering what I am, who I am.

[narrator] We're just
beginning to understand

what they have to tell us.

I have just had a
conversation with an octopus.

[♪ theme music plays]

[narrator] The island of Sulawesi.

3000 miles of lush,
densely forested coastline.

But beneath the water,

things look very different.

A few scattered reefs are the only refuge

in an underwater desert.

Any animal going out in
the open, is vulnerable.

To survive here you need brawn

or, brains.

This is a coconut octopus.

At 18 months old,

she's already halfway
through her short life.

Like all octopuses, her mother
died after she was born.

She's been alone her whole life.

Every single thing she's
learned about the world,

she's taught herself,

and with astonishing speed.

Most importantly,

how to hunt.

As she crushes her crab with
her powerful bird-like beak,

the succulent scent of her
meal attracts attention.

She could lose her dinner, or her life!

There's nowhere to hide.

But even in her short life,

she's learned how to make a run for it.

Clasping the crab in two arms,

she uses the others like feet.

It's called stilt walking.

But she can't run forever,

it's time to take cover.

And she's not called a
coconut octopus for nothing.

[♪ playful music]

She uses her propulsive siphon,

like a leaf blower,

to blast away sand clogging the shell.

Using an object to solve a problem

is known by scientists as tool use.

A sign of great intelligence.

Just 0.1% of animals
are thought to use tools.

Making a hideout earns her a
place in this exclusive club.

[♪ majestic music]

Scientists believe we've
barely scratched the surface

of octopus smarts.

National Geographic explorer
and animal psychologist

Dr. Alex Schnell

researches octopus
intelligence in the wild.

[Dr. Alex Schnell] I really
want to understand what's

going on inside the octopus mind.

But we're only just
discovering how they're

using that brainpower.

[narrator] Alex suspects these
octopuses are capable of

even more advanced tool use.

I cannot wait to see the individual.

[narrator] Local expert
Benhur Sarinda is here

to help her research.

-Let's give it a go.
-Let's let's try it.

[Dr. Alex Schnell] I wanna
learn if their tool use has

a type of ability that we
call future planning.

This is the ability to
carry tools for future use,

and it's a hallmark of intelligence.

We've only ever seen it in

chimpanzees and crows and humans.

[♪ mysterious music]

[narrator] A coconut octopus.

But that's no coconut.

This small female is using a clamshell,

because it has a big advantage.

Portability.

Even when you've got eight arms,

two shells are a handful.

But so worth it.

[narrator] A large shoal of hungry mullet,

is a frightening sight
for a fist-sized octopus.

[♪ anxious music]

Her clam shells are
the perfect safe house.

[♪ curious music]

Different type of shell,
same genius tool use.

And to Alex's amazement,
she's not done yet.

When she finds the right spot,

she starts work on a
more permanent shelter.

This octopus has a
remarkable understanding

of how these shapes fit together.

She manipulates the shells to fit just so.

It's what Alex has been hoping to see!

[Dr. Alex Schnell]
Right in front of our eyes.

She solves the problem of being so exposed

in this desert-like landscape,

bringing along her own shelter

to use the next time
that she might venture out.

[narrator] With no parental
training and short life spans,

octopuses learn fast.

Within months they have to
master problem-solving

and possibly plan for the future.

Octopuses don't just make simple plans.

They can devise complex
and cunning strategies.

When the tide turns here on
this volcanic archipelago,

the retreating Atlantic
leaves behind tidal pools.

And the churning water brings with it,

a visitor from the deep.

Cut off in one of the pools
is a hungry island octopus.

Six months old, his hunting
skills are all self-taught.

He's about to take the ultimate risk.

Sally Lightfoot crabs.

An octopus favorite.

The turning tides now expose
one of their favorite things

to eat, fresh algae.

Mmm, so mouthwatering.

But to get to it takes a leap of faith.

[♪ dramatic music]

The young octopus won't get
as much as a snack by staying

where he is.

He needs a plan.

Muscles in his eyes change
the shape of the lens,

so he can focus out of water.

And see the best way to the jumping crabs.

It's a dangerous journey.

[narrator] Sure, he's smart,

but is he willing to bet
his life on a strategy?

[splashing]

He's going for it.

He'll dry out and die in 20 minutes.

One wrong move and he's truly cooked!

[♪ suspenseful music]

[♪ suspenseful music]

[♪ suspenseful music]

Finally, he makes it!

It's time for the next
step of his master plan.

Positioning rocks to
make the perfect cover.

[splashing]

The trap is set.

[splashing]

Well-earned brain food.

The island octopus has thought up,

tested,

and ex*cuted,

a k*ller hunting technique.

[♪ upbeat music]

Six months old, entirely self-taught,

and already an accomplished strategist.

So how do octopuses come up
with all these smart ideas,

despite living such short lives?

To understand that,

you need to know them as individuals.

Extreme diver, Krystal Janicki,

has logged more than 600 hours

in the freezing waters off
Canada's southern Pacific coast.

[♪ mysterious music]

It's a strange and
otherworldly place to explore.

The cold water is rich
in oxygen and nutrients.

Turbocharging life, and
pushing it to extremes.

[♪ dramatic music]

Lurking in the deep is a colossus.

[♪ dramatic music]

[♪ dramatic music]

[narrator] The giant Pacific octopus

is the biggest octopus on the planet.

[♪ dramatic music]

It can reach up to 30 feet
from arm-tip to arm-tip.

The length of a school bus.

By diving with these
giants for so many years,

Krystal has begun to recognize
and build relationships

with individual octopuses.

[Krystal Janicki] When you
lock eyes with an octopus

it's such a special moment.

[bubbles]

I get a real sense that they
want to connect with us,

that they want to learn from us.

They have such curious minds.

Maybe they're not so
different from us after all.

[narrator] Krystal is a citizen scientist,

and her face time with octopuses
has led to a realization.

Every animal has a distinct personality.

While they're all smart,

each uses its brain
power in different ways.

The best way to see it
is to follow one on a hunt.

To reach her full size, this
giant Pacific octopus needs to

eat at least 6 meals a day.

[Krystal Janicki] It's amazing
to think that she started out

as a hatchling the
size of a grain of rice.

These octopus have one of
the fastest growth rates

of any animal.

[♪ rock music]

[narrator] Her favorite food,
red rock crab is no easy catch.

They're agile and fast.

But they're up against, a mastermind.

Octopuses are hard-wired for learning.

[Krystal Janicki] So they have
such incredible brains,

such incredible knowledge,
and the way they learn

and grow so fast, blows my mind.

[narrator] When it comes to
building neurons,

critical brain connections
for intelligence,

octopuses have three times
more capacity than humans.

They're perfectly
primed for new information.

Every hunt is a chance to learn.

[Krystal Janicki] Over time, I
started to notice how quickly

they can problem solve
and adapt on the fly.

[narrator] Using her
taste-sensitive suckers,

she feels for crabs hidden in the rocks.

No luck with that strategy.

But a genius can change tack, fast.

She flushes the crabs
out into open terrain.

[♪ upbeat music]

Then all of a sudden...

she's gone.

[Krystal Janicki] She
disappears within seconds.

[♪ mysterious music]

And then I see her, tucked into the rocks.

I'm not sure if she's
searching for something

or if she's hiding.

[narrator] Her plan becomes clear.

An ambush.

[♪ dramatic music]

She releases toxins that
liquify the crab's insides,

making crab soup.

Her tactic is creative, clever,

but more importantly, it's hers.

[♪ emotional music]

With no family to nurture or guide them,

they seem to spend their short lives

working out how they want to do something.

The more they experience,

the more they learn.

And all beyond human speed.

One of the biggest questions
is just how octopuses

retain all this information.

In the Caribbean, tucked
safely in her den,

this island octopus is sleeping.

She's earned it.

[♪ soft piano music]

She spends her days hunting
in a complex world,

full of obstacles, and enemies.

To help navigate it, scientists
believe that octopuses

have an especially sharp
memory for geography.

They might be able to build a
mental map of visual landmarks.

And remember what they touch and taste.

Like a multisensory GPS.

This built-in roadmap points them to food.

[♪ dramatic music]

It's also a lifesaver.

Barracuda are dangerous.

Like most octopuses, she fires
ink to create a distraction.

But it's her memory that
provides an escape route.

A direct path back to her den.

She might sleep for 4 hours.

But her mind may not be entirely offline.

It could be downloading.

[♪ cheerful music]

[air hissing]

Dr. C.E. O'Brien is fascinated
by the secret of octopus sleep.

In particular, the role sleep plays

in octopus learning.

[Dr. C.E. O'Brien] Over the
course of 24 hours,

the octopus spends about 60%
of the time actually sleeping.

I was very excited when I
first saw the octopus sleeping,

because it is a behavior that
had only been observed

in the lab before.

[narrator] To document her sleep,
Dr. O'Brien places a small camera

at the mouth of her den.

[Dr. C.E. O'Brien] I can
tell she's asleep um,

by the dilation of her pupils.

It becomes a very narrow slit.

So for about 40 minutes,
she'll be a very pale color,

very quiet, very little movement,

you'll just see her breathing.

Then after about 40 minutes,

she'll show something like REM sleep.

So very suddenly
there'll be changes in color.

[♪ magical music]

You'll see movement of her
mantle, her arms, her suckers.

It really seems like when
she's in that active sleep

that she is experiencing dreams.

It reminds me of a dog when
it's sleeping and it's moving

its paws and its whiskers um,

probably dreaming of chasing
a squirrel or a rabbit.

[narrator] This similarity to
a dog may be no coincidence.

[Dr. C.E. O'Brien] In mammals and birds,
sleep plays an important role

in memory consolidation and learning,

so it's very likely that octopuses sleep
for the same reasons.

So it's possible that she's
consolidating the memories of

the new path that she
took while she was foraging.

Remembering where
a particular tasty crab was,

or maybe a particularly nasty eel was.

I wonder sometimes if the
octopuses are dreaming about me.

Um, maybe she's dreaming about
my face sticking in her den,

wondering what I am,
who I am, why I'm there.

[narrator] If octopuses really
do dream, it could explain

how they're able to retain
so much knowledge,

in such short lives.

[bird cawing]

But what if everything they
know about the world

isn't just remembered,

but used as the raw material
for brand new ideas?

[narrator] Dr. Alex Schnell
and Benhur Sarinda

have returned to the den
of the coconut octopus.

The octopus has already
shown Alex tool use,

using a shell to hide from predators,

but Alex hopes that if she's patient,

she may get to see something
even more astonishing.

Creativity.

[Dr. Alex Schnell]
When we're looking for glimmers

of intelligence,
we traditionally focus on animals

that are more closely related to us,

but to find it in an octopus,

that's so distantly related from humans,

that would completely reframe
the way we think about

intelligence in the animal kingdom.

[narrator] Her clam shell
hideout is safely tucked

into the sand.

It's the perfect location.

But you can't always pick your neighbors.

A mantis shrimp has moved in next door.

The octopus would gladly
eat her tiny new neighbor.

But this standoff isn't
as one-sided as it looks.

The shrimp may be small,
but he's highly aggressive,

highly territorial,

and armed with the fastest
punch in the animal kingdom.

See that leg with the white club-like tip

folded down in front?

That's a defiant fighting pose
known as the meral spread.

See that punch?

Well, you can't,
because it's as fast as a b*llet.

And 50 times faster
than the blink of an eye.

A mantis shrimp's high-powered
punch can k*ll animals

much larger than themselves.

It's brains versus prawn.

Time to see what

being one of the fastest
learners on the planet

gets you when your
back's against the wall.

The octopus blasts the shrimp with water.

But this tiny terror is just too fast.

[♪ dramatic music]

And his punch too painful.

Then, Alex witnesses
something extraordinary.

The octopus has an idea.

[♪ curious music]

She picks up the building
blocks of her house,

and repurposes them.

She's imagined to herself a shield.

[♪ dramatic music]

[Dr. Alex Schnell] I just couldn't believe
what I was seeing.

I was screaming underwater.

Coming out of her den and
grabbing that shell to use it

as a shield, it was such a
beautiful example of

really complex intelligence.

[narrator] Taking a familiar
object and reimagining it?

That's behavior never filmed before.

I felt completely shocked down there today

at the level of sophistication
that I was witnessing.

It reshapes the way we think
about the octopus mind

and just what they're capable of.

Scientists often look
for answers in animals

more closely related to us,

like chimpanzees, elephants, and whales,

but to get a bigger picture of
how intelligence evolved,

we need to look at diverse species,

and the octopus is key.

[narrator] Octopuses may
have no parents to guide them.

And live such short lives.

But from the moment they're born,

they use their minds,

memory,

and remarkable ability to innovate

not just to survive, but to thrive

in their underwater world.