Look around you for life on Earth
Then look at the sky
Stars and planets, animals and plants
Everything we see consists of the same material
But how does this matter, those atoms
I met to be?
Are we the only living?
Who ask this question?
"The Ways of the Universe"
, All we see in the universe
See the same article follow the same rules
The universe is made up
... of little basic ingredients
Hydrogen, helium, lithium, carbon and so on
All these chemicals, in varying degrees
What are we
And the same chemicals, in varying proportions
Be it all
Chemicals that make up galaxies and stars
The same thing is amazing
On the ground, and perhaps something unique
, Become living beings
Creatures can grow, multiply and think
We are a conscious part of the universe
I think this is ... a vital miracle
You look at the sky
And you know that you are connected
In some way
It's great
When did the story of life start on Earth?
In fact, I started before
The land must be composed for a long time
After the great expl*si*n, the universe was only
A huge cloud of hydrogen gas
Then pressed pockets of gas cloud to be stars
The stars alone can not convert hydrogen
To more complex molecules that will become planets
And flesh
I think there is no way to make a life
Of hydrogen
You need other vehicles
To give you a more complex chemical composition
It was the beginning of life in
Reality is the beginning of the first stars
Perhaps after the Big Bang by half a billion years
, Within the hearts of those first stars
Heat and pressure
Crushing hydrogen atoms together
So strongly merge
Helium atomizer
It produces an expl*si*n of energy
Over time, atoms merge
Helium also, to make carbon
Nitrogen, oxygen and even heavier atoms
Over hundreds of millions of years
The older stars formed all the elements
Which is our current solar system
It contains atoms in your body
But by doing so, you pay
Those stars are a catastrophic price
By draining its energy, the first stars will collapse
Then explode in super-convulsions
It spreads its star dust
Chemically rich across space
Iron in your blood
And calcium in your teeth
And in your bones, you formed
In a much larger burst
Maybe different stars that
Exploded billions of years ago
She has posted these materials in space around her
We are not the product of a single star expl*si*n
But many starbursts
The atoms in our left hands may have come from a star
Different from the atoms of our right hands
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron, are all
The stars are only formed
And the only way to reach here on earth
The expl*si*n of those stars and the integration of those elements later
In our solar system
, Bursting through space
Those atoms are complex
Inert gas withdrawals represent
New Star Nurseries
4.6 billion years ago
A certain cloud began to be squeezed by its attractiveness
Our sun lit up
Most of the old star dust has been absorbed by the sun
He will not see again
But the debris met together to be comets
Asteroids and planets and then life
Take it myself
Games
00:04:49,519 --> 00:04:51,253
Rock is very complex
I make things like iron, copper and manganese
When you sit on the side of a mountain
And a rock, they are also your relatives
Thanks to the ancient great waves, the earth formed
With all atoms required to form rocks and life
But what distinguishes us
About a piece of granite?
There are basically three parts
Major organisms
A system or system must also occur
Of chemical reactions extend your life to energy
There must be a pod containing you
Your internal equipment contains the external environment
Thirdly, you must store a scheme
Describe for yourselves
... three things
, An energy source, and a protective pod
And more manufacturing plans
Of energy sources
DNA is planned
It is a long molecule, consisting of small units
Called nucleotides
DNA contains instructions on how to build
Drive protein cell using
Small molecules are called amino acids
DNA also tells
The cell is about the way fat is made
A greasy molecule that is an ideal protective wound
That's all
You have the basic component of life
Chemicals that
The pave of life is very simple
It is twenty amino acids
They are nucleotide bases for making
DNA and ribose acid
Little fat, that's all
Think of it as a lego game
Where did those rules come from?
Are you alive?
In the 1950s
, "The chemist" Stanley Miller
He conducted an experiment to discover
He filled a bunch of flasks
Water vapor and volcanic gases to reshape
Early Earth atmosphere
Then he passed an electric spark through the mix
To emulate lightning
The result?
Chicken fat was included
One of the three building rules of life
We found some amino acids
Resulting from those experiments
Some amino acids produced by life
Before Miller's experience, he was supposed to
That this kind of organic material can not
, To come only from the living
This is called membership
Miller showed that it was not vital
They produce as we expect from different places
Because amino acids facilitate their synthesis
The scientists wondered if they were the same molecules
Which formed in the cloud of gas that formed the sun
Before the sun is born
If the theory is correct, the asteroids
Wastes from that era of planetary formation
Maybe still contain those
The particles are so antique today
This question has been answered
In the 1960s
When an older space rock fell from the ground
"On" Murchison - Australia
When you pick up parts of this
The culprit
Stinky like materials
Organic volatile chemicals
And when you analyze what it is
We find a lot of amino acids
Constructions of protein
We found fatty molecules to be those wrappers
Those membranes around all our cells
We found the bases of DNA
"Proved guilty" Murchison
That the component parts of the cell
The living is everywhere
It was mixed when the earth was formed
The Earth's young atmosphere makes more
Organic building units continue to decline
For millions of years after the crust had cooled
The young earth is immersed in the structural units of life
But gathering together needs a miracle
The latest it?
More than four billion years ago
The young earth was land and oceans
The modern moon appears in the sky the largest
From today, raising the huge tide
Which sweeps the land for miles
Volcanoes throw hot stifling vapors
To the atmosphere is very hot
Above the fog
Asteroids and comets continue to fall from the sky
It was a time without oxygen in the atmosphere
It was hotter because of radiative heating
Backward from the growth of the earth
The hottest collision of the underdeveloped earth
It is a strange place of contention
The land we see today
However, life arose there
If we want to search for the origins of life on Earth
We have to put that in our minds
Scientists are studying today
Earth's most precious environments to understand how life existed
On the surface of our young planet
The land was not young
Continental land as we see it in the land today
But it's like an archipelago of volcanic islands
There was a tide that swept the land for miles
Then the back of it will recede
Much like the features we see here
With rocky pools of warm steam water
Some scientists believe that life began
In those warm rock pools
Each time the tide recedes
The lagging water evaporates
It concentrates the structural units of life
Inside ponds push these organic molecules
For interaction
"In this geothermal location in Iceland"
A similar process concentrates metals
In a thick white paste
One of the most important types of chemicals
Which may have focused on those
Volcanic rock pools on the ground
For the origins of life on Earth
Are fat molecules, very fatty molecules
She was able to accomplish intelligent work
It is naturally self-assembly
On the young earth, individual fat molecules
Free surf in the ocean
But were confined together in rocky ponds
Those fatty particles gathered together to be bubbles
This is important for the origin of life
Because they are the outer membrane
For all cells, all living quarters are on earth
To show you what I mean, I can use
Fishing hooks here
These hooks have an end to water resistance
The end you like water, like the fat molecule completely
To see what happens
No matter how you go, you will naturally
Guided by the end of the adhesive
The end will remain in the water
And we can see it coming together
Fatty particles were injected into each other
Such as oil droplets on the water surface
To be thin membrane
No matter what the dry water touched
The layers will have been submerged in the volcanic rocks
Oil bubbles
These rocks have a spongy property
If these molecules formed
Fatty acids naturally into those layers
And bubbles, and these vesicles are embedded in rocks
You have basically made primary cells
The primary cell now has its fatty sac
Other molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides
Will be paid within when the rocky pools evaporate
These simple structural units may have united
To be protein and DNA
Maybe it was an excellent environment
To focus things
There is water, but there is an opportunity for things to sink
Together in shallow pools, where
Molecules can be reacted
Treina Rocky ponds were how easy things were
For organic cell systems until they accumulate
But as a place to start life
The surface of the earth was a major obstacle
The land was being bombed
UV radiation
Of the sun, a thousand times stronger than it is today
This powerful radiation quickly destroyed
Any nucleic acid may be in shallow rock ponds
Life seems to need to be made up in the shadows
Away from this att*ck of ultraviolet radiation
But you still need life
The first is a steady supply of energy
So start
Though not sunlight
What is it?
The basic unit of life is the cell
To understand how it works
Imagine it is an industrial city
The micro-structures inside the cell act like factories
You take raw elements and transform them
For more complex forms such as devices
Which are building new cells
And as the city
Cells also want to produce energy
To maintain the functioning of the industrial units
Some scientists believe that the key to the origin of life
Disappear in the way of life
In the manufacture and use of energy
It's all about energy
Energy is what drives complexity and sophistication
In technology
We see it in human history
We have progressed and complicated
In the story of life
Today, the cells have
Complex bioenergy plants built into them
These structures help guide chemical energy
Inside and outside the cell membrane
This chemical flow is provided
Cell powered in the end
But the primary cells did not have a luxury
Complex system to generate their own chemical flow
The energy from the sun will be very large
In contrast, scientists believe that life must begin
In a shaded chemical card spot
Already moving
In the 1970s, scientists began
Bold mission under the sea
To a long volcanic fault at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean
They were amazed to discover
Long structures like chimneys
Pour hot volcanic water
And amazement
These structures were wrapped in life
People really amazed when we discovered it
They were environmental systems, an oasis of life gathered
, Around those black spaces
Deep in the water by miles
In the sea where sunlight never reaches
Before the discovery of those ships
No one knew of life without light
But here are organisms that thrive on chemical energy
Which emanates directly from the seabed
Then scientists began to question
If that is chemical energy
It is itself that spark the spark of life
But there was a big problem
Those discovered
It was too hot to be the origin of life
, Then in 2000
Scientists working west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge nine miles
They discovered a new kind of cooler
They called alkaline vapors
Depending on their unique chemical condition
... what we discovered by these alkaline spaces
This warm water is rich
With minerals emanating from the seabed
They blend and interact
... with cold water around
It precipitates solid metals and builds
This chimney is vast, towering towers
The heat inside these towers
They were suitable for aggregating organic molecules
For more complex forms
But do these structures have remarkable energy
Need to turn a simple chemistry into a life?
"Laurie Barge," a NASA team,
Which incubates an alkaline competitor
We start the lab by testing
What happens specifically in the minarets
In the young land
We have to take into consideration the conditions
Initial atmosphere, first ocean
The type of ocean crust and interactions
Which were occurring
Laurie begins by injecting alkaline fluids
In what mimics the initial Earth's circumference
The ocean here contains iron as it was
On the young earth, and the chimney you see
Is the deposit that is in existence
They are replaced by two variables
A thin chimney grows inside the flask
Because this structure is alkaline
It reacts with the acidic water around it
It draws chemical energy into the chimney walls
This chemical flow is similar to flow
Which is generated by living cells today
But energy and heat are not the only ones
Which are shared by those ships
Alkaline with live cells
Exciting about these alkaline vapors
That pockets and pores
Channels and cracks that we found
Its way through these structures
These chimneys are the same size as the cells
On the young earth, these fine pockets
She supplied a warm crucible
For the meeting of the three basic units of life
Chemical energy flowing through chimney walls
It may have enhanced micro-metabolic drives
Within those primary cells
After millions of years, the primary cells
By developing a way to synthesize energy for itself
Then it can be liberated
For the first time in history
Chemistry becomes life
Alkaline diffusers are the main theory of the origin of life
But is it possible that those
Simple cells have faced competition
, From another form of life
- a more sophisticated cell - came to earth
three hundred fifty
00:21:45,924 --> 00:21:48,595
Full of being from another planet?
Can our ancestors be spacemen?
This is the land after that
The crust has cooled by half a billion years
The climate is warm and humid
The asteroids have done
Bringing in the structural units of life
It is from the deep past
Some simple forms of life may have continued
But perhaps it is not life that turned us
Because the earth is about to be bombed
With another wave of asteroids
"It assumes a radical theory called" universal cunning
That some of those space rocks
Filled with space life
"So the" universal cunning
Is the idea of ??the emergence of life on
On a planetary particle or other environment and come to Earth
And brought them drooping fallow
... I do not know, but I think
That the idea of ??playing mass cunning plays a role
There must be a lot of evidence
We went to this direction
The argument began to vanish massively with a game
Cosmic Pinball 4.1 billion years ago
The outer planets of the solar system
Not yet settled in fixed orbits
They are contending for their positions
Atomic fuzzy falling dust
Sends a barrage of giant asteroids
Towards the Earth
"Called" heavy shelling late
What we bite around the sun is happy
Except the outer planets were thrown
These are huge objects on us
They still come again and again
There were asteroids and giant comets pouring down
On the ground, sometimes causing the ocean to boil
If weak creatures arose
In the first oceans
The late heavy shelling wiped them out
But the land was not
The only planet in the range of fire
Mars asteroids also hit
At that time Mars was a different planet
Mars is smaller than Earth
Faster refund
It had a dense atmosphere and ocean of water
Before being made up in the ground
With a previous evolutionary beginning
A bacterial life may have arisen on Mars
At that point, perhaps
Live deep in the surface rocks
We saw life on the ground hidden inside the rocks
They hide in those rocks
And to avoid radiation and the harsh environment
By hiding and thriving within this surface
A huge collision on the surface of Mars
Perhaps he threw rocks full of bacteria in space
These completed creatures are ready for air transport
Imagine one of them confined to a rock
It was tossed out of a planet, flying through space
And landing after thousands of years on a different world
Open burst, managed to breed and grow
So did a Martian rock
Sowing life on earth
Near the end of the heavy shelling late?
It is an amazing possibility
But how did Martian beings survive the long journey
Across space
NASA engineer Mojiga Cooper knows the extent of bearing
Bacteria, because their function
k*lled her
So do not make super bacteria from the ground
Spread through the space missions of other planets
If we sent a spacecraft and it was covered with bacteria
They are likely to multiply in that environment
We are bacteriologists
In the ideal case, we would like to have each part
Of sterile machines
The reason for this caution
The exotic ability of bacteria to live in space
Some bacteria on the ground
When faced with a strong environment
"They begin to form what we call" spores
And spores, if you imagine a seed
All genetic information in the middle
And is protected by many defensive layers
It encapsulates itself in space vehicles
Allowing them to live in space
You can take a bog and play
Put it in space and then prepare it
It will remain viable
Spores allow for bacteria
To remain alive in a state of inertia
For a very long time
The record on the ground was a bog
Before the era of dinosaurs
He was brought back to life recently
After a nap of 250 million years
Spores can live theoretically
For millions and millions of years
But seeing a guide to the re-life of Bog
It is amazing
The last obstacle to universal prominence
Is the fiery contact on the earth's surface
Planetary scientists simulate
Violent collision events
With high-speed g*ns
Can the Martian bacteria
To survive
Not every part of the extruded was destroyed
And collided strongly in the collision
, When we do those experiments
We usually find small parts
Of the remnants of the projectile in the collision chamber
If there were bacteria
You live in this part of that rock
They can survive the collision on the planet
Science shows us that universal cunning is possible
But it brings us closer to understanding
Origins of life?
The basic problem with mass caving
It removes a step from the problem
And place it elsewhere
We do not know how life came to life on earth
They seem to have originated on Mars
But we do not know how it originated on Mars
So you have this basic problem, which is
How did life begin?
Many people say you should not take the crap
In mind, because it moves the question to another place
But this may be important
Because then you will say we need two planets
... to form what we see on Earth
Planet to its origin and a planet to carry it away
Did our ancestors come from space?
Or did they originate from the Earth's oceans?
What we know for sure is that the next stage
Of their journey is full of dangers
Because even life becomes intelligent
You must face the loss first
Our planet is full
With a great variety of neighborhoods
, There is plant life and animal life
...simple life
And intelligent complex life like us
However, every creature on earth
He can track his family tree
To the same small cell
Which lived billions of years ago
All neighborhoods on Earth are interrelated
We share 50%
Of our DNA with bananas
I mean we are completely different from bananas
But when you look at her heart
The shape of its DNA, they are almost identical
DNA is the operating system of life
It stores the program that tells the cells
How to form complex structures
And how energy is generated
In the end, how to make a similar copy of it
, When we look at life
We tend to focus on
Installed .. This is important
It is composed of acids
Amino acids and molecules, and so on
But the main difference between
Life and simple chemistry
Is the content of the information
So using computer terminology
It is not the amazing hard plug of the computer
It's programs
The greatest property of DNA
His ability to change
Over billions of years, have made little "mistakes"
In DNA synthesis
Led to the tremendous diversity we see today for life
These mutations can occur
When the DNA is damaged
The incomplete part is tampered with
Usually to a full copy
But from time to time, set
Different from nucleotides
Slide in place
Sometimes, asymmetry occurs, and those mutations
, Sometimes harmful
But may be useful sometimes
Sometimes it may make you a simple change
To treat food better, maybe make your own
Better, makes you a better fisherman
It may make you taller
You can see the grass better
These changes are useful, and they are random
It does not happen much, but it does
This basically led to what we are now
Of all the mutations that led to human life
The most important of which is also one of the first
Is the leap of simple mono-cell life
To complex multicellular life
It is hard to imagine without multicellularity
That intelligence is possible
The creature must be great
Enough enough to specialize
So that some cells are .. some parts
This creature, you can
Focus on being a brain
Jumping from simple life to complex
Began about 2.4 billion years ago
What was the excitement behind this radical change?
... Scientists put it back to a radical mutation
Photosynthesis
"What happened was a mistake
Mutation led to great power
The first object develops this superpower
Blue bacteria are called
Turns green and can use sunlight
To make her increase
For the first time, it became life
Its internal source of energy
Wherever you are, when it is
There is sunlight, you have food
You can rest and be free
And begin to branch
In terrestrial environments
Blue bacteria thrived
But photosynthetic residues are oxygen
Very toxic gas for most other primitive life
Weapons of mass destruction
At that point, there was not
Free oxygen in the atmosphere
It was the first time that this happened
When those beings arose and flourished
I began to immerse this toxin into the atmosphere
Most of the life on Earth is k*lled by oxygen
But the creatures that survived
Developed to use oxygen
And promote their development
Oxygen is very dangerous because it is easy to interact
But this made him very good fuel
So the proportion is meager
Of the living that he did not k*ll
The toxic gas, oxygen, suddenly multiplied
It had enough fuel to use
And more energy
, Means more complex molecules
, And more complex chemistry
And a more complex biological complex
That means the ability of those
Creatures to evolve faster
With oxygen support, some monocytes have evolved
Do something you have not done before
I met together
They were microorganisms
Mono cell is smart enough
When I realized how they were together
Because it enabled them to protect themselves
It acts as a community
Different cells within these communities
I started to specialize in different tasks
In the end, communities started to work
As one creature
... the stage is ripe for the next superpower
Multicellular organisms
But the second world catastrophe is imminent
Away from attention, blue bacteria
Its numbers are still exploding
When oxygen is released it grows
It will change the chemistry of the whole planet
When oxygen filled the air
He interacted with the first atmosphere
Remove greenhouse gases such as methane
The result?
Rapid cooling of the Earth's climate
We believe this will make a climate
The planet is very cold
A frozen world, what we call snowball
Perhaps the first climatic disaster
Which occurred after the emergence of life on earth
The snowball lasted 200 million years
In the end, the volcanoes
To release enough greenhouse gases
To restore the climate to its condition
The surviving creatures inherited
A warm world rich in oxygen
Ideal for multicellular organisms
Multichannel thrived
And coincided with increased oxygen
Over the next five hundred million years
Oxygen levels continue
Rise, and used by neighborhoods
To grow in size and complexity
Most animal groups have evolved
The main thing we see today
The fish turned into reptiles
The reptiles turned into mammals
Then small to the mains
In the end, two hundred million years ago
The first man on earth
We exist because life
The first I learned to generate oxygen
What this means for smart advanced life
Elsewhere in the universe?
What planets are likely to have around other stars
Oxygen that drives advanced development?
We're going to know that
Scientists are closer than ever before
From revealing the story of life on earth
If we thought of the main milestones of evolution
... not many, but I will prepare three
,the origin of life
The onset of complex life is associated with oxygen
And the emergence of smart life
These are all
For me, this is the story of life on earth
It then became complex and smart
Now we want to know
If it is the same process of evolution
Has occurred elsewhere
I became more confident
Over the past few decades
That life is everywhere in the universe
Is there a smart life?
Is this a more difficult question?
How to answer it
Considering the key factors that have helped our development
We see if they exist elsewhere
Examine the light from distant dust clouds
Astronomers now realize that the structural units of life
, Common across the galaxy
They monitored more than a thousand potential planet Earths
Around the nearby stars
At least the primary stage of life
Looks unlimited
But for complex multicellular life
... you need something else
Oxygen rich atmosphere
Is there oxygen in those worlds?
This is the question that I want to live to see his answer
If yes, that's amazing
This is an important leap in our understanding
For life in the universe
NASA is developing a new generation of telescopes
To search for planets around nearby stars
And search for oxygen-rich air packs
But a recent surprise from a nearby planet
Assume that the worlds are rich in oxygen
May be more common than we think
I think we can do it here
"Nina Lanza is working with NASA
"On the Mars Vehicle" Keriocyte
Interested in a mysterious black layer
They seem to exist on Mars and Earth
This is great, thanks
What we see here is called rock painting
This is a cover on the surface of the rock
Rich in manganese oxides
All living cells use manganese
These are black sediments
On the ground believed to have formed
When the metal was released from dead bacteria
And reacted with oxygen in the air
Nina wanted to understand the chemical structure
Similar to Mars
So in 2014, she wanted
"From the vehicle" Keriocyte
To dissolve a group of dark rocks
The laser beam has an analytical cutter
When the rocks melt
They evaporate a little material
If we continue guidance
On the rock in the same place
We can detect the installation
Cover if there was anything
There was a large protrusion sample
We noticed them immediately
We looked as if we were wrong
We have to check that data to make sure we are
We did not miss it
It was not wrong, I have
, We looked at the initial evidence
We have re-examined it and are still there
A huge amount of manganese
The sudden result indicates
Life may have thrived on Mars rocks
Inside an atmosphere rich in oxygen
Even if manganese deposition
On Mars by geology
You still need dyes
Dark to atmospheric oxygen
To anchor them in the rocks
So find the casing
Like this on Mars, or even a layer
Composed of a similar configuration
Opens the possibility of oxygen
In the atmosphere of Mars sometime in the past
Mars lost its atmosphere billions of years ago
But the possibility of having oxygen in the past
Great, because if there were two planets
In the same solar system and possess
The main components of life
And oxygen to develop a complex life
The odds are not
Our existence is alone in the universe
Rise strongly
When we look at the story of life
The universe seems to have started with hydrogen
Now he is finished with intelligent human beings
This is a great story
Are we the only chapter in the book?
this is the question
Whether there is a person
In a remote place in the galaxy
... He has the same thoughts or not
I'm not sure
Hard to say no, because the universe is roomy
We are a group of atoms that you understand
It's a group of atoms, that's amazing
The universe knows that it is the universe
So I think it's important to know
How can this be done
I have a bottle of Champagne
Cool in my fridge
I think we will discover the evidence of life
On other planets in my life
I'm ready to celebrate
04x05 - Dawn of Life
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Science documentary television series that provides scientific explanations about the inner workings of the universe and everything it encompasses.
Science documentary television series that provides scientific explanations about the inner workings of the universe and everything it encompasses.